The American west has its own mythology and its own rich history in literature, film, and television—one that no other U.S. geographic region can ever hope to match. Can you imagine an entire section at a mall bookstore devoted to novels of, say, the Eastern shore?
And if any one animal symbolizes our own—or even the world’s—fascination with the American west, it is, without doubt, the horse. Many of these wild animals were tamed, and they, in turn, helped Americans tame the dusty frontier that lay west of the Mississippi. The horse, both wild and domestic, has earned its rightful place in American hearts and minds through the writings of Louis L’Amour and Larry McMurtry, the films of John Ford and Sergio Leone, and even through television dramas such as Bonanza and The Lone Ranger.
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Is it any wonder then that thousands of Americans and more than a dozen celebrities—people who were likely influenced by the same Western arts and culture that shaped us all—have been willing to step up and support The HSUS’s and other groups' efforts to restore protections for America’s wild horses and burros? According to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), only about 35,000 of these wild animals forage on U.S. lands today. But thanks to an amendment quietly slipped last year into an appropriations bill that gutted a 34-year-old ban on selling wild horses and burros for slaughter, that number was recently decreased by 41 mustangs. (Another 52 horses were in line for slaughter, but were pulled before the captive bolt pistol was fired.)
America's Contradictory Relationship with Wild Horses
Wild horses have a long history with North America. Fossil records show they were living in North America millions of years ago, gradually spreading to Asia likely via the Bering land bridge before losing a battle to the elements and becoming extinct on this continent. In the early 16th century, European explorers reintroduced the horse to Mexico, and the animal eventually found its way north into territories controlled by Native Americans and Europeans. Many of these horses formed wild herds; by some estimates, there were more than a million wild horses roaming North America by the turn of the 20th century, likely because humans had killed many of the horse's natural predators.
The horse's main predator in the 20th century was man. By 1971, when Congress passed the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Protection Act and President Nixon signed it into law, there were approximately only 60,000 wild horses left on U.S. lands, their numbers drastically reduced by wholesale roundups and massacres. The act, championed by a Nevada resident nicknamed Wild Horse Annie, was designed to halt the killings. Americans roundly supported the act, reportedly flooding Congress with letters, a volume of mail second only to the number of letters Congress received about the Vietnam War.
But the act created to protect wild horses has slowly been eroded by the Bureau of Land Management, the federal agency that manages U.S. lands, under the theory that there are too many free-roaming horses and that they need to be managed. The BLM first created 303 herd management areas, but over the years, that number has been whittled down to 201. The BLM has also established "appropriate management levels," which allows the agency to round up horses by buzzing them with helicopters and corralling them into pens for eventual sale through the BLM's adoption program.
The underfunded adoption program, however, has been largely a bust, leading to crowded holding pens that don't give the BLM any wiggle room to round up more wild horses, which ranchers desperately want so that their beef cattle can graze without interference. The stealth amendment in last year's appropriations bill was the latest attempt to appease ranchers; the amendment requires the government to sell horses older than ten years or those who have not been adopted after three attempts. Guess who typically buys these older mustangs? Middlemen, or "killer buyers," who then sell the animals to one of the three foreign-owned slaughterhouses in the United States that process meat for overseas markets.
The losers in this game of backroom legislation are, of course, the horses. It has already cost the lives of 41 mustangs. It could cost thousands more.
The sad fact is that all of this is completely unnecessary—the covert legislation, the animal deaths, the hard feelings from horse lovers across the nation. The BLM could easily deal with America's wild horses without a drop of blood being spilled. The agency could reopen the 102 herd management areas that it has zeroed out; it could adopt immunocontraception programs to keep herds from becoming too large; it could funnel the money from its helicopter round-ups into a mass-marketing budget for its adoption programs; it could simply leave the horses alone, with an acknowledgment that Americans value their equine history as much, if not more, than their beef.
